Research on Coated Tool Life and Wear in Ta-2.5W Alloy Turning.

Due to its inherent high hardness, strength, and plasticity, tantalum-tungsten (Ta-W) alloy poses a considerable challenge in machining, resulting in pronounced tool wear, diminished tool lifespan, and suboptimal surface quality. This study undertook experiments utilizing uncoated carbide tools, TiAlN-coated carbide tools, and AlTiN-coated carbide tools for machining Ta-2.5W alloy. The investigation delved into the intricacies of surface temperature, tool longevity, and the distinctive wear characteristics under varying coating materials and cutting parameters. Concurrently, a comprehensive exploration of the wear mechanisms affecting the tools was conducted. Among the observed wear modes, flank wear emerged as the predominant issue for turning tools. Across all three tool types, adhesive wear and diffusion wear were identified as the principal wear mechanisms, with the TiAlN-coated tools displaying a reduced level of wear compared to their AlTiN-coated counterparts. The experimental findings conclusively revealed that TiAlN-coated carbide tools exhibited an extended tool lifespan in comparison to uncoated carbide tools and AlTiN-coated carbide tools, signifying superior cutting performance.

On the thermal impact during drilling operations in guided dental surgery: An experimental and numerical investigation.

In recent years, a major development in dental implantology has been the introduction of patient-specific 3D-printed surgical guides. The utilization of dental guides offers advantages such as enhanced accuracy in locating the implant sites, greater simplicity, and reliability in performing bone drilling operations. However, it is important to note that the presence of such guides may contribute to a rise in cutting temperature, hence increasing the potential hazards of thermal injury to the patient's bone. The aim of this study is to examine the drilling temperature evolution in two distinct methods for 3D-printed surgical dental guides, one utilizing an internal metal bushing system and the other using external metal reducers. Cutting tests are done on synthetic polyurethane bone jaw models using a lab-scale automated Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machine to find out the temperature reached by different drilling techniques and compare them to traditional free cutting configurations. Thermal imaging and thermocouples, as well as the development of numerical simulations using finite element modeling, are used for the aim. The temperature of the tools' shanks experienced an average rise of 2.4 °C and 4.8 °C, but the tooltips exhibited an average increase of around 17 °C and 24 °C during traditional and guided dental surgery, respectively. This finding provides confirmation that both guided technologies have the capability to maintain temperatures below the critical limit for potential harm to bone and tissue. Numerical models were employed to validate and corroborate the findings, which exhibited identical outcomes when applied to genuine bone samples with distinct thermal characteristics.

Measurement of Cutting Temperature in Interrupted Machining Using Optical Spectrometry.

This research presents an experimental study focused on measuring temperature at the tool flank during the up-milling process at high cutting speed. The proposed system deals with emissivity compensation through a two-photodetector system and during calibration. A ratio pyrometer composed of two photodetectors and a multimode fiber-optic coupler is employed to capture the radiation emitted by the cutting insert. The pyrometer is calibrated using an innovative calibration system that addresses theoretical discrepancies arising from various factors affecting the measurement of cutting temperature. This calibration system replicates the milling process to generate a calibration curve. Experimentally, AISI 4140 steel is machined with coated tungsten carbide inserts, using cutting speeds of 300 and 400 m/min, and feed rates of 0.08 and 0.16 mm/tooth. The results reveal a maximum recorded cutting temperature of 518 °C and a minimum of 304 °C. The cutting temperature tends to increase with higher cutting speeds and feed rates, with cutting speed being the more influential factor in this increase. Both the pyrometer calibration and experimental outcomes yield satisfactory results. Finally, the results showed that the process and the device prove to be a convenient, effective, and precise method of measuring cutting temperature in machine processes.

Review of Cutting Temperature Measurement Methods.

During the cutting process, large quantities of emitted heat are concentrated on a small surface area of the interface between the workpiece and the cutting edge. The resultant very high temperature significantly affects the tool life. Knowledge of maximum temperatures to be expected on the cutting edges is important, as it allows the cutting conditions to be adjusted in such a manner that the critical value of thermal resistance is not exceeded for the cutting material. In effect, the maximum effectiveness of the working process is maintained. This article offers a systematic presentation of methods used in cutting temperature measurements. It discusses their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the usefulness of the individual methods in different types of machining processes. It also points to the possibility of methodological errors which significantly reduce measurement accuracy. The above issues are believed to justify a discussion of different cutting temperature measurement methods. The conclusions here presented may be of particular importance to researchers interested in the field, especially in high-efficiency machining, new cutting materials and cutting-edge protective coatings, as well as various methods for cutting fluid applications. They may allow a more informed selection of measurement methods most suitable for particular situations.

Towards understanding the cutting temperature in ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling based on the dynamic contact characteristics between the cutting edge and workpiece.

Compared with conventional drilling (CD), ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling(UVAD) is experimentally proven a promising method to reduce the cutting temperature. But sometimes cutting temperature also becomes higher in UVAD than in CD. To further make clear the cutting temperature mechanisms in UVAD, this study aims to study the effect of tool's ultrasonic vibration on the cutting heat generation and heat dissipation at a relatively micro level. Firstly, drilling experiments are designed to explore the variations of cutting heat under different ultrasonic vibrations. Then, to analyze the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the cutting heat theoretically, a kinematic model is developed to describe the dynamic contact between the cutting edge and workpiece in UVAD. Besides, a cutting heat analysis model based on the contact characteristics in UVAD is proposed to study and compare the variations of cutting heat generation. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the cutting heat generation, heat dispassion, and the resultant cutting temperature under different machining in UVAD conditions are discussed. It is indicated from the theoretical analysis that more cutting heat tends to be produced due to the significantly increased sliding velocity on the cutting edge-workpiece interface when the ultrasonic vibration is applied. The analysis agrees with the experimental results that the cutting temperature in dry UVAD is higher than in dry CD. But on the other hand, ultrasonic vibration can also improve the lubrication and cooling effect under appropriate machining conditions, which is beneficial to the reduction in cutting temperature. The investigation shows the multifaceted influences of ultrasonic vibration on the cutting temperature in the drilling process in detail, which provides a reference for UVAD parameter optimization.

Analysis and prediction of residual stresses based on cutting temperature and cutting force in rough turning of Ti-6Al-4V.

Turning is a typical machining process, which is widely used in the manufacturing process of parts. The residual stress introduced by turning has a significant influence on the mechanical properties, fatigue performance, and service safety, and is one of the key factors affecting the fatigue life of parts. Conventional residual stress prediction models based on cutting parameters cannot consider all the influencing factors of turning and are strongly dependent on the specific cutting environment and tool, so they have limitations. Therefore, a residual stress analysis and prediction method based on cutting temperature and cutting force is proposed in this paper for the rough turning process of Ti-6Al-4V. Firstly, the sensitivity analysis of turning residual stress is carried out on eight cutting variables to determine the key cutting variables affecting the residual stress. Subsequently, the influence of the above key variables on residual stress is analyzed from the perspective of cutting temperature and cutting force. Finally, the residual stress prediction model based on cutting temperature and cutting force is established. The results show that the three variables that have the greatest influence on residual stresses are friction coefficient, tool edge radius, and cutting speed. The friction coefficient and tool edge radius affect the thickness of the residual stress layer. The cutting speed has little effect on the thickness of the residual stress layer, but increasing the cutting speed will lead to the transformation of residual stress to tensile stress. The relative error between the predicted value and the simulated value of residual stress is less than 6%, indicating that the prediction model has high accuracy and can effectively predict the residual stress. The prediction method proposed in this paper is not limited by the specific turning condition and provides a new perspective for the analysis and prediction of turning residual stress.

Application of Nanofluids for Machining Processes: A Comprehensive Review.

According to the demand of the present world, as everything needs to be economically viable and environment-friendly, the same concept applies to machining operations such as drilling, milling, turning, and grinding. As these machining operations require different lubricants, nanofluids are used as lubricants according to the latest technology. This paper compares different nanofluids used in the same machining operations and studies their effects. The variation in the nanofluid is based on the type of the nanoparticle and base fluid used. These nanofluids improve the lubrication and cooling in the machining operations. They also aid in the improvement in the surface roughness, cutting forces, cutting temperature of the workpiece, and tool life in the overall process taking place. It is worth noting that nanofluids are more effective than simple lubricating agents. Even within the nanofluid, the hybrid type is the most dominating, and helps to obtain a maximum efficiency through certain machining processes.

Periostin modulates extracellular matrix behavior in tendons.

Periostin, originally named osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2) has been identified primarily in collagen rich, biomechanically active tissues where its role has been implicated in mechanisms to maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagen fibrillogenesis and crosslinking. It is well documented that periostin plays a role in wound healing and scar formation after injury, in part, by promoting cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and/or collagen fibrillogenesis. Given the significance of periostin in other scar forming models, we hypothesized that periostin will influence Achilles tendon healing by modulating ECM production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of periostin during Achilles tendon healing using periostin homozygous (Postn -/-) and heterozygous (Postn +/-) mouse models. A second experiment was included to further examine the influence of periostin on collagen composition and function using intact dorsal tail tendons. Overall, Postn -/- and Postn +/- Achilles tendons exhibited impaired healing as demonstrated by delayed wound closure, increased type III collagen production, decreased cell proliferation, and reduced tensile strength. Periostin ablation also reduced tensile strength and stiffness, and altered collagen fibril distribution in the intact dorsal tail tendons. Achilles tendon outcomes support our hypothesis that periostin influences healing, while tail tendon results indicate that periostin also affects ECM morphology and behavior in mouse tendons.

Imaging mass spectrometry reveals complex lipid distributions across Staphylococcus aureus biofilm layers.

Introduction: Although Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of biofilm-related infections, the lipidomic distributions within these biofilms is poorly understood. Here, lipidomic mapping of S. aureus biofilm cross-sections was performed to investigate heterogeneity between horizontal biofilm layers. Methods: S. aureus biofilms were grown statically, embedded in a mixture of carboxymethylcellulose/gelatin, and prepared for downstream matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS). Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) was also applied prior to mass analysis. Results: Implementation of TIMS led to a âˆ¼ threefold increase in the number of lipid species detected. Washing biofilm samples with ammonium formate (150 mM) increased signal intensity for some bacterial lipids by as much as tenfold, with minimal disruption of the biofilm structure. MALDI TIMS IMS revealed that most lipids localize primarily to a single biofilm layer, and species from the same lipid class such as cardiolipins CL(57:0) - CL(66:0) display starkly different localizations, exhibiting between 1.5 and 6.3-fold intensity differences between layers (n = 3, p < 0.03). No horizontal layers were observed within biofilms grown anaerobically, and lipids were distributed homogenously. Conclusions: High spatial resolution analysis of S. aureus biofilm cross-sections by MALDI TIMS IMS revealed stark lipidomic heterogeneity between horizontal S. aureus biofilm layers demonstrating that each layer was molecularly distinct. Finally, this workflow uncovered an absence of layers in biofilms grown under anaerobic conditions, possibly indicating that oxygen contributes to the observed heterogeneity under aerobic conditions. Future applications of this workflow to study spatially localized molecular responses to antimicrobials could provide new therapeutic strategies.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation on Thermal Performance of Al/Al2O3/SWCNT Nanocoolants for Turning Operations.

The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the thermal performance of cutting fluids dispersed with nanoparticles for effective heat removal during turning operations. The simulations are performed using Ansys Fluent software, and the problem is modelled as a three-dimensional turbulent incompressible single-phase flow. The computational domain consists of a heated cutting tool and work piece, and nanocoolants are sprayed from a nozzle located above the machining zone. The nanocoolants are prepared by mixing mineral oil with nanoparticles of Al2O3 (Aluminium Oxide), Al (Aluminium) and SWCNT (Single Walled Carbon Nanotube). The heat transfer performances of different nanocoolants are compared by varying the nanoparticle volume fraction (φ) and coolant velocity (Uc) in the range of 2% ≤ φ ≤ 8% and 1 m/s ≤ Uc ≤ 15 m/s, respectively. The results indicated a drastic drop in the cutting tool temperature with an increase in the volume fraction of dispersed nanoparticles and coolant velocity. The increase in volume fraction decreases the average cutting tool temperature by 25.65% and also enhances the average heat transfer rate by 25.43%. It is additionally observed that SWCNT nanocoolants exhibited a superior thermal performance and heat removal rate compared with Al and Al2O3 nanocoolants. The analysed numerical results are validated and are in good accordance with the benchmark results validated from literature.

Temperature Measurement during Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM).

This study was undertaken to look for confirmation that heat transfer induced by abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) affects the microstructure of the material cut. The structure of S235JR carbon steel used in the experiments was reported to change locally in the jet impact zone due to the high concentration of energy generated during cutting with the abrasive water jet. It is assumed that some of the energy is transferred into the material in the form of heat. This is particularly true for materials of considerable thickness with a high thermal conductivity coefficient when cutting is performed at low speeds or with high abrasive consumption. The literature on the subject suggests that in AWJM there is little or no thermal energy effect on the microstructure of the material cut. The research described here involved the measurement of the cutting temperature with thermocouples placed at four different distances from the edge. The distances were measured using computed tomography inspection. The thermocouples used in the tests were capable of detecting temperatures of up to 100 °C. Locally, temperatures at the edge may reach much higher values. The results of the X-ray diffraction qualitative phase analysis reveal that locally the temperatures may be much higher than the eutectoid temperature. Phase changes occurred along the edge since austenite was observed. This suggests that the temperature in the jet impact zone was much higher than the eutectoid temperature. Optical microscopy was also employed to study the material microstructure. Finally, the material nanohardness was determined.

Computational analysis of cutting parameters based on gradient Voronoi model of cancellous bone.

Bone cutting is a complicated surgical operation. It is very important to establish a kind of gradient porous bone model in vitro which is close to human bone for the research of bone cutting. Due to the existing bone cutting researches are based on solid bone model, which is quite different from human bone tissue structure. Therefore, Voronoi method was used to establish a gradient porous bone model similar to real bone tissue to simulate the process of bone drilling in this paper. High temperature and large cutting force during bone drilling can cause serious damage to bone tissue. Urgent research on bone drilling parameters is necessary to reduce cutting temperature and cutting force. The finite element analysis (FEA) of Voronoi bone models with different gradients is carried out, and a Voronoi model which is similar to real bone tissue is obtained and verified by combining the cutting experiment of pig bone. Then orthogonal experiments are designed to optimize the cutting parameters of Voronoi bone model. The range method is used to analyze the influence weights of cutting speed, feed speed and tip angle on cutting temperature and cutting force, and the least square method was used to predict the cutting temperature and cutting force, respectively. The gradient porous bone model constructed by Voronoi method was studied in detail in this paper. This study can provide theoretical guidance for clinical bone drilling surgery, and the prediction model of bone drilling has practical significance.

Critical roles of FGF, RA, and WNT signalling in the development of the human otic placode and subsequent lineages in a dish.

Introduction: Efficient induction of the otic placode, the developmental origin of the inner ear from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), provides a robust platform for otic development and sensorineural hearing loss modelling. Nevertheless, there remains a limited capacity of otic lineage specification from hPSCs by stepwise differentiation methods, since the critical factors for successful otic cell differentiation have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we developed a novel differentiation system involving the use of a three-dimensional (3D) floating culture with signalling factors for generating otic cell lineages via stepwise differentiation of hPSCs. Methods: We differentiated hPSCs into preplacodal cells under a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. Then, we transferred the induced preplacodal cells into a 3D floating culture under the control of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), retinoic acid (RA) and WNT signalling pathways. We evaluated the characteristics of the induced cells using immunocytochemistry, quantitative PCR (qPCR), population averaging, and single-cell RNA-seq (RNA-seq) analysis. We further investigated the methods for differentiating otic progenitors towards hair cells by overexpression of defined transcription factors. Results: We demonstrated that hPSC-derived preplacodal cells acquired the potential to differentiate into posterior placodal cells in 3D floating culture with FGF2 and RA. Subsequent activation of WNT signalling induced otic placodal cell formation. By single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis, we identified multiple clusters of otic placode- and otocyst marker-positive cells in the induced spheres. Moreover, the induced otic cells showed the potential to generate hair cell-like cells by overexpression of the transcription factors ATOH1, POU4F3 and GFI1. Conclusions: We demonstrated the critical role of FGF2, RA and WNT signalling in a 3D environment for the in vitro differentiation of otic lineage cells from hPSCs. The induced otic cells had the capacity to differentiate into inner ear hair cells with stereociliary bundles and tip link-like structures. The protocol will be useful for in vitro disease modelling of sensorineural hearing loss and human inner ear development and thus contribute to drug screening and stem cell-based regenerative medicine.

Coating-thickness-dependent physical properties and cutting temperature for cutting Inconel 718 with TiAlN coated tools.

Introduction: Coating-thickness-dependent physical properties can induce different cutting temperatures with physical vapor deposition (PVD) titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) ceramic-coated tools. The determination of the optimal TiAlN coating thickness is important to obtain superior coating physical properties and decrease the cutting temperature of Inconel 718 alloy. Objectives: The present study investigates the effects of coating thickness on the physical properties of TiAlN coatings and the cutting temperature during the machining of Inconel 718 alloy. The optimal coating thickness is also determined. Methods: First, the direct-current-arc method was utilized to deposit PVD Ti0.55Al0.45N coatings with thickness of 1.6 µm, 2 µm, 2.5 µm, and 3 µm, onto a cemented carbide substrate. Second, the coating-thickness-dependent physical properties were characterized and estimated with a radar chart. Third, the effects of coating thickness on coating antifriction were analyzed with the tool-chip friction coefficient when cutting Inconel 718 with PVD TiAlN coated tools. Both the maximum cutting temperature generated in the chip and the cutting temperature of the tool bodies were measured for analyzation of the thermal barrier effect of coating. Finally, the topographies of the deformed chip and tool-chip contact area were obtained and investigated to determine the effects of coating thickness on the cutting temperature. Results: The tool-chip friction coefficient and coating thermal barrier effect were affected by the coating thickness. Ti0.55Al0.45N coated tools with moderate coating thickness had fine antifriction effect with Inconel 718. The thermal barrier effect of Ti0.55Al0.45N coating was positively related to the coating thickness. Conclusions: The optimal TiAlN coating thickness was determined as 2 µm, which resulted in superior physical properties and reduced the cutting temperature of Inconel 718.

Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with genetic and environmental factors. Cigarette smoking is harmful to health and may be one of the risk factors for MS. However, there have been no systematic investigations under controlled experimental conditions linking cigarette smoke (CS) and MS. The present study is the first inhalation study to correlate the pre-clinical and pathological manifestations affected by different doses of CS exposure in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Female C57BL/6 mice were whole-body exposed to either fresh air (sham) or three concentrations of CS from a reference cigarette (3R4F) for 2 weeks before and 4 weeks after EAE induction. The effects of exposure on body weight, clinical symptoms, spinal cord pathology, and serum biochemicals were then assessed. Exposure to low and medium concentrations of CS exacerbated the severity of symptoms and spinal cord pathology, while the high concentration had no effect relative to sham exposure in mice with EAE. Interestingly, the clinical chemistry parameters for metabolic profile as well as liver and renal function (e.g. triglycerides and creatinine levels, alkaline phosphatase activity) were lower in these mice than in naïve controls. Although the mouse EAE model does not fully recapitulate the pathology or symptoms of MS in humans, these findings largely corroborate previous epidemiological findings that exposure to CS can worsen the symptoms and pathology of MS. Furthermore, the study newly highlights the possible correlation of clinical chemistry findings such as metabolism and liver and renal function between MS patients and EAE mice.

Transplantation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelial cell sheet into the middle ear of rats.

INTRODUCTION: Early postoperative regeneration of the middle ear mucosa is essential for the prevention of postoperative refractory otitis media and recurrent cholesteatoma. As a means for intractable otitis media management, we focused on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived airway epithelial cells (AECs), which have been used in upper airway mucosal regeneration and transplantation therapy. In this study, we transplanted hiPSC-derived AECs into the middle ear of immunodeficient rats. METHODS: Following the preparation of AEC sheets from hiPSCs, the bilateral middle ear mucosa of X-linked severe combined immunodeficient rats was scraped, and the AEC sheets were transplanted in the ears unilaterally. RESULTS: Human nuclear antigen (HNA)-positive ciliated cells were observed on the transplanted side of the middle ear cavity surface in three of six rats in the 1-week postoperative group and in three of eight rats in the 2-week postoperative group. No HNA-positive cells were found on the control side. The percentage of HNA-positive ciliated cells in the transplanted areas increased in the 2-week postoperative group compared with the 1-week group, suggesting survival of hiPSC-derived AECs. Additionally, HNA-positive ciliated cells were mainly located at sites where the original ciliated cells were localized. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the transplanted AECs contained cytokeratin 5- and mucin 5AC-positive cells, indicating that both basal cells and goblet cells had regenerated within the middle ear cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are an important first step in the establishment of a novel transplantation therapy for chronic otitis media.

Temperature Distribution Simulation, Prediction and Sensitivity Analysis of Orthogonal Cutting of Cortical Bone.

Bone cutting plays an important role in spine surgical operations. The power devices with high speed employing in bone cutting usually leads to high cutting temperature of the bone tissue. This high temperature control is important in improving cutting surface quality and optimizing the cutting parameters. In this paper, the bone-cutting model was appropriately simplified for finite element (FE) based modeling of 2D orthogonal cutting to discuss the change law of cutting temperature of cortical bones for cervical vertebra, and to study the orthogonal cutting mechanism of the anisotropic cortical bone, a 3D FE simulation model had been also established in which longitudinal, vertical, and transversal cutting types were accomplished to investigate the effect of osteons orientation. Secondly, this response surface method was used to regress the simulation results, and establishes the prediction model of maximum temperature on cutting depth, cutting speed, and feed speed. Then, the Sobol method was used to analyze the sensitivity of the milling temperature prediction mathematical model parameters, in order to clarify and quantitatively analyze the influence of input milling parameters on the output milling temperature. Finally, the cutting temperatures obtained with the simulations were compared with the corresponding experimental results obtained from the bone milling tests. This study verifies the influence of key variables and the cutting parameters on thermo mechanical behavior of the bone cutting. The obtained cutting temperature distribution for the bone surfaces could be employed to establish a theoretical foundation for research on thermal damage control of bone tissues.

LC-MS lipidomics of renal biopsies for the diagnosis of Fabry disease.

INTRODUCTION: Lipidomics analysis or lipid profiling is a system-based analysis of all lipids in a sample to provide a comprehensive understanding of lipids within a biological system. In the last few years, lipidomics has made it possible to better understand the metabolic processes associated with several rare disorders and proved to be a powerful tool for their clinical investigation. Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by a deficiency in α-galactosidase A (α-GAL A). This deficiency results in the progressive accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mostly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3), as well as galabiosylceramide (Ga2) and their isoforms/analogs in the vascular endothelium, nerves, cardiomyocytes, renal glomerular podocytes, and biological fluids. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate lipidomic signatures in renal biopsies to help understand variations in Fabry disease markers that could be used in future diagnostic tests. METHODS: Lipidomic analysis was performed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) on kidney biopsies that were left over after clinical pathology analysis to diagnose Fabry disease. RESULTS: We employed UHPLC-HRMS lipidomics analysis on the renal biopsy of a patient suspicious for Fabry disease. Our result confirmed α-GAL A enzyme activity declined in this patient since a Ga2-related lipid biomarker was substantially higher in the patient's renal tissue biopsy compared with two controls. This suggests this patient has a type of LSD that could be non-classical Fabry disease. CONCLUSION: This study shows that lipidomics analysis is a valuable tool for rare disorder diagnosis, which can be conducted on leftover tissue samples without disrupting normal patient care.

Predictive Analytical Modeling of Thermo-Mechanical Effects in Orthogonal Machining.

Factor relationships in a machining system do not work in pairs. Varying the cutting parameters, materials machined, or volumes produced will influence many machining characteristics. For this reason, we are attempting to better understand the effect of the Johnson-Cook (J-C) law of behavior on cutting temperature prediction. Thus, the objective of the present study is to investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the tool/material interactions and their effects on dust emission during orthogonal cutting. The proposed approach is built on three steps. First, we established an experimental design to analyze, experimentally, the cutting conditions effects on the cutting temperature under dry condition. The empirical model which is based on the response surface methodology was used to generate a large amount of data depending on the machining conditions. Through this step, we were able to analyze the sensitivity of the cutting temperature to different cutting parameters. It was found that cutting speed, tool tip radius, rake angle, and the interaction between the cutting speed and the rake angle explain more than 84.66% of the cutting temperature variation. The cutting temperature will be considered as a reference to validate the analytical model. Hence, a temperature prediction model is important as a second step. The modeling of orthogonal machining using the J-C plasticity model showed a good correlation between the predicted cutting temperature and that obtained by the proposed empirical model. The calculated deviations for the different cutting conditions tested are relatively acceptable (with a less than 10% error). Finally, the established analytical model was then applied to the machining processes in order to optimize the cutting parameters and, at the same time, minimize the generated dust. The evaluation of the dust generation revealed that the dust emission is closely related to the variation of the cutting temperature. We also noticed that the dust generation can indicate different phenomena of fine and ultrafine particles generation during the cutting process, related to the heat source or temperature during orthogonal machining. Finally, the effective strategy to limit dust emissions at the source is to avoid the critical temperature zone. For this purpose, the two-sided values can be seen as combinations to limit dust emissions at the source.

Influence of Microgroove Structure on Cutting Performance and Chip Morphology during the Turning of Superalloy Inconel 718.

This study designed a new microgroove cutting tool to machine Inconel 718 and focused on the effect of microgroove structure on the cutting performance and chip morphology during the turning. A comparative analysis of the cutting force, cutting temperature, tool life, tool wear, and chip morphology of the microgroove cutting tool and the original cutting tool was conducted. The main cutting force and temperature of the microgroove cutting tool were reduced by 12% and 12.17%, respectively, compared with the original cutting tool. The microgroove cutting tool exhibited a significant improvement compared with the original cutting tool, which extended the tool life by up to 23.08%. Further, the microgroove cutting tool distorted the curl radius of the chips extensively. The experimental results showed that the microgroove structure can not only improve the tool life, but also improve the chip breaking effect.